Research from the Boston University School of Medicine journal Sexual Medicine shows that testosterone-lowering foods affect up to five million men35. Men over 60 face this challenge more often because their testosterone levels naturally drop by about 30% from their peak35. Your testosterone levels start dropping by 1% every year after age 40, which makes your food choices matter more as you get older35.
The wrong food choices can really hurt your testosterone levels. Men who eat lots of trans fats have 15% less testosterone than those who avoid them3521. Your hormone balance changes when you keep taking certain foods like soy products, alcohol, and processed foods2136. Lower testosterone levels make this a serious health concern because they increase death rates in older men35. This is a big deal as 1.2-12.8% of men already have hypogonadism (low testosterone)14. Men's health depends on knowing which foods block testosterone, especially after turning sixty.
Understanding testosterone and aging

Testosterone is the main male sex hormone that plays vital roles beyond sexual function. This powerful hormone controls many body functions that substantially affect men's health. This becomes even more important as they age and eat more testosterone killing foods in their diet.
What testosterone does in the male body
Testosterone is the life-blood of male physiological development and health. The testicles produce this vital hormone that does much more than control reproductive functions. It gets the male body to develop sexual traits during puberty, like a deeper voice, body and facial hair, and genital growth37.
Throughout a man's life, testosterone keeps several vital functions running. The body uses it to make red blood cells, keep bones and muscles strong, and boost sex drive and overall well-being37. It also controls protein synthesis, which directly shapes muscle mass and strength38.
This hormone controls where fat gets stored, keeps bones dense, and helps with brain function39. Men with good testosterone levels usually have better moods, more energy, and think more clearly40. The hormone also boosts red blood cell production, which explains why men have higher hematocrit levels than women38.
How levels change after 60
Men's testosterone production naturally drops as they get older. This makes it more important to avoid foods that lower testosterone. While many think this decline starts at retirement, it actually begins much earlier. Men lose about 1% of their testosterone every year after age 30-4039.
The decline becomes more noticeable for men over 60. Studies show that 20% of men over 60 have low total testosterone levels. This number jumps to 50% in men over 8041. Several things cause this drop:
- The hypothalamus makes less gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)38
- Leydig cells don't respond as well to luteinizing hormone42
- Changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis38
Research shows that aging Leydig cells (cells that make testosterone in the testes) don't respond as well to hormones. Young men's testosterone production jumped 142% after stimulation, but older men's only increased by 85%42. Aging men also have fewer Leydig cells, and these cells don't work as well42.
Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) increases with age, which creates another issue. This protein attaches to testosterone, leaving less free testosterone for the body to use41.
Symptoms of low testosterone in older men
Low testosterone can seriously affect quality of life, so it helps to know about foods to avoid low testosterone. Sexual symptoms usually show up first and most clearly. Men might notice less interest in sex, fewer morning erections, trouble getting erections, and possible fertility issues39.
Physical changes show up as less muscle mass and strength, more belly fat, weaker bones, and sometimes enlarged breast tissue40. Some men feel tired more often, have less stamina, and can't do as much physically43.
Brain and emotional changes often come along with physical symptoms. Men might feel down, have trouble focusing and remembering things, feel less motivated, and lose confidence39. Some get irritable, can't concentrate well, and feel mentally exhausted44.
About 2% of men over 40 have late-onset hypogonadism (clinically low testosterone)37. Studies show rates between 2.1% and 5% worldwide, with numbers going up with age and certain health conditions44. Men with diabetes or obesity get hit harder - about 30% of overweight men have low testosterone, compared to just 6.4% of men at healthy weights44.
These age-related changes help explain why diet mistakes regarding testosterone matter more as men get older. Natural testosterone decline makes older men more sensitive to things that might lower their hormone levels even further.
How diet influences hormone levels

A man's hormone production depends on what he eats. Research shows that food choices can affect testosterone levels through many biological pathways. Men need to learn about foods that lower testosterone because nutrition and hormonal health connect through complex physiological mechanisms.
The link between nutrition and testosterone
The human body needs specific nutrients to produce healthy testosterone levels. Nutritional deficiencies in zinc, magnesium, and vitamin D lead to decreased testosterone levels45. These essential nutrients build and regulate hormones.
Different dietary patterns affect hormone balance substantially. Research discovered that men who ate low-fat, high-fiber diets had less testosterone45. Men who ate processed, fried, and preserved foods also saw their testosterone production drop45.
The ratio between macronutrients matters too. A study found higher testosterone levels in men who ate high-carbohydrate diets compared to those who chose high-protein meals45. This shows that diet mistakes regarding testosterone stem from wrong macronutrient ratios rather than calorie intake alone.
Zinc plays a vital role in testosterone production. Studies reveal that men who didn't get enough dietary zinc had lower testosterone45. In spite of that, extra zinc supplements didn't boost testosterone in men who already had enough, that indicates balanced nutrition works best45.
Why older men are more affected by food choices
Men become more sensitive to testosterone killing foods as they enter their sixties. Their bodies naturally produce less testosterone, which makes poor food choices more harmful.
Studies show that unhealthy diets may increase the odds of hypogonadism by as much as five times compared to healthier eating habits29. Older men face two challenges: age-related hormone decline and potentially harmful food choices.
Men over 60 don't absorb nutrients well. They need to pay more attention to their diet to maintain optimal hormone levels. Their testosterone regulation becomes more sensitive to metabolic factors with age, which makes avoiding certain foods to avoid low testosterone essential for staying vital.
Weight gain makes these problems worse. Overweight men experience bigger drops in testosterone, creating a cycle where low testosterone leads to more weight gain34.
The role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis controls testosterone production. This feedback loop starts when the hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). GnRH makes the anterior pituitary secrete luteinizing hormone (LH)46. LH then tells the Leydig cells in the testes to make testosterone46.
Food affects this system at many points. The body stores food energy as fat or glycogen that it can use for reproduction47. The body has an internal "energy sensor" that limits reproductive activity when calories are low47.
Scientists found that fasting or lack of glucose affects reproduction by reducing LH pulses from the pituitary glands47. The body tells the hypothalamus about glucose shortages quickly, which disrupts GnRH production to save energy47.
Long-term consumption of high-fat diets, fructose, or artificial sweeteners hurts the endocrine system and throws off the HPG axis48. These worst foods hormones men change GnRH levels and upset the balance between estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone48.
Men who want healthy hormone levels throughout life should understand these mechanisms and avoid testosterone blockers food.
Top 8 foods that lower testosterone

Men need to know which foods affect their testosterone levels, especially those worried about hormonal health. Research shows several everyday foods and ingredients can lower hormone levels by a lot in men, and these effects become more noticeable after age 60.
1. Soy products and phytoestrogens
Many people worry about soy's "feminizing" effects, but complete research shows soy doesn't really affect male hormone levels. A meta-analysis of 41 studies with over 1,700 men found no proof that soy protein or isoflavone exposure changes total testosterone, free testosterone, or estrogen levels, whatever the dose or study duration649. Soy has phytoestrogens that look like estrogen, but their effects are nowhere near as strong as real estrogen50. We learned that this research proves wrong the common belief that soy acts as a testosterone blocker food.
2. Alcohol and its hormonal effects
Alcohol poses clear risks to male hormonal health. Heavy drinking damages Leydig cells in the testes that make testosterone48. The largest longitudinal study reveals testicular shrinkage happens in up to 75% of men with advanced alcoholic cirrhosis4. Healthy young men with normal liver function saw their testosterone levels drop after just 5 days of moderate drinking4. Alcohol makes the body turn more testosterone into estrogen through aromatization, which might explain why some heavy drinkers develop enlarged breasts4.
3. Trans fats in processed foods
Trans fats mess up hormone balance in men. Men who eat the most trans fats have 15% less testosterone than those who eat the least9. These industrial fats lower both testosterone levels and testicular size10. Research shows a direct link - the more trans fatty acids someone eats, the lower their free and total testosterone becomes9.
4. Vegetable oils and omega-6 imbalance
Too much vegetable oil rich in omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids throws hormones off balance. Research proves that omega-6 lowers testosterone and other reproductive hormones11. The average Western diet has way more omega-6 than the body needs11. The ideal omega-6 to omega-3 ratio should be between 1:1 and 4:1, but Americans typically hit around 20:1—this creates inflammation that affects hormone production3.
5. Flaxseed and testosterone excretion
Flaxseed contains substances that might change hormone levels. Its lignans can bind to testosterone and make the body excrete more in bile12. Research results vary, but some studies hint that taking flaxseed might reduce androgen levels. To cite an instance, see one case study that showed a 70% drop in total serum testosterone and an 89% fall in free serum testosterone after a woman with PCOS took flaxseed supplements13.
6. Mint and licorice root
Mint and licorice both contain compounds that can change testosterone levels. Drinking spearmint tea led to big drops in testosterone levels1415. Licorice root has isoflavones and other chemicals that work against androgens15. Women who took daily licorice root had lower testosterone after one month, but levels bounced back after they stopped15.
7. High-sugar foods and insulin spikes
Sugar directly affects how much testosterone your body makes. Men's total and free testosterone levels drop after eating sugar16. A sugar dose of 75g causes a dramatic 25% fall in testosterone that lasts up to two hours10. About 15% of men with normal testosterone drop into the low range after consuming glucose10. This happens because high insulin reduces sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), which disrupts testosterone balance17.
8. Conventionally raised meat with hormone residues
Meat from hormone-treated animals contains leftover substances that might affect human hormones. Farmers use natural steroids like estradiol-17β, progesterone, and testosterone, plus synthetic compounds like zeranol in cattle118. These hormone traces in meat link to reproductive problems19. The European Union banned all hormones and hormone-like substances as growth promoters in farm animals1. Muscle from treated animals can have 5-12 times more testosterone than untreated ones18.
Other testosterone blockers in your diet
Many men don't realize that their testosterone levels face silent threats beyond the major foods that lower testosterone we discussed earlier. These hidden hormone disruptors work through subtle pathways that can impact men's hormonal health.
Nuts high in polyunsaturated fats
You might be surprised to learn that certain nuts act as testosterone blockers food despite their healthy reputation. Research shows walnuts and almonds boost sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), a protein that latches onto testosterone and limits its availability in the body20. Studies reveal these nuts raised SHBG levels by 12.5-16%21.
The high polyunsaturated fatty acid content in nuts links to decreased testosterone levels20. Yet nuts pack essential nutrients like fiber, heart-healthy fats, folic acid, selenium, and magnesium14. Men tracking their hormone levels can still enjoy nuts in moderation unless they have allergies.
Plastic packaging and xenoestrogens
Men worried about foods to avoid low testosterone should look beyond their food choices. The real threat lies in how food gets packaged. Plastic containers contain xenoestrogens that mess with the endocrine system and reduce testosterone by overstimulating estrogen receptors5.
These harmful chemicals seep into food, especially during heating. The risk increases with fatty foods since they absorb these chemicals more readily5. Research confirms that plastic food packaging chemicals block androgen receptors while triggering other hormone receptors5. This means your careful diet choices might not matter if packaging sabotages your hormone health.
Artificial preservatives like BHA and parabens
Testosterone killing foods include preservatives that most men overlook. Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) shows up everywhere - in foods, packaging, and medicines. It comes with estrogenic properties that work against testosterone5. Lab studies confirm BHA's weak estrogenic effects and anti-androgenic properties22.
Parabens create more hormone disruption through several mechanisms:
- They block aromatase activity that converts androgens to estrogens
- They change enzymes needed for hormone metabolism
- They bind to estrogen receptors and copy estrogen effects5
Your body stores these preservatives over time. This hits older men harder as their testosterone naturally drops5. Some people might consume more than the safe daily limit, especially when counting intake from medicines22.
These hidden hormone disruptors make up the diet mistakes testosterone that go beyond regular food choices. The real challenge lies in packaging and preservation methods.
Smart swaps to protect testosterone

Image Source: Yahoo! Shopping
Simple changes in your daily diet can help maintain healthy testosterone levels. These smart swaps help men over 60 keep their hormone balance without disrupting their lifestyle.
Choose hormone-free or organic meat
UK regulations don't allow growth hormones in locally produced meat23. About 30% of meat in the UK comes from imports, and some source countries permit hormone use23. You can avoid hormone residues that might affect testosterone by looking for "British" labels. This guarantees the meat comes from animals born, raised, and processed within the UK23.
Organic certification gives you even better assurance. Animals get no growth hormones, antibiotics, or feed with GMOs and pesticides2. UK brands like Eversfield Organic sell premium beef from cattle raised on certified organic pastures without synthetic additives24. Organic options might cost more but eliminate exposure to synthetic hormones like zeranol and trenbolone that can mess with your natural hormone balance2.
Use glass containers instead of plastic
BPA and other chemicals in plastic containers act like estrogen and can reduce testosterone levels when they touch food25. These substances leak most easily when you heat plastic or store fatty or acidic foods25. Even containers labeled "microwave-safe" release harmful chemicals after heating25.
Glass, ceramic, or stainless steel containers are a great way to get rid of these hormone-disrupting chemicals26. Glass storage keeps your food free from BPA2. You should also rinse foods that come in plastic packaging and store them in glass jars27. Stainless steel bottles work better than plastic ones for drinks28.
Replace sugary snacks with whole foods
Less sugar in your diet helps keep testosterone levels healthy. Natural alternatives that don't spike insulin make better choices than processed sweets. Raw honey, monk fruit, or stevia work well because they don't trigger the insulin response that can lower testosterone2.
Whole foods beat processed options by avoiding additives and preservatives that might affect your hormones. Your shopping list should include lean proteins like grass-fed beef, eggs, and fish with healthy fats from avocados and olive oil29. Don't forget zinc-rich foods like pumpkin seeds and oysters, plus plenty of leafy greens and cruciferous vegetables29.
Balance omega-3 and omega-6 intake
A healthy ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids ranges from 1:1 to 4:1, but typical Western diets hit about 20:130. We eat too many vegetable oils packed with omega-6 polyunsaturated fats30.
Studies show omega-3s might boost testosterone levels in adult men31. You can improve this ratio by cutting back on processed vegetable oils and eating more omega-3-rich foods. Extra-virgin olive oil makes a great cooking choice with its monounsaturated fat and vitamin E that help testosterone production2. Fatty fish like salmon gives you omega-3s plus vitamin D and zinc—nutrients you need for optimal hormone levels2.
FAQs about testosterone and food
Men in their 60s often ask how their food choices affect their testosterone levels. Here are science-backed answers to questions they commonly ask.
Can diet alone fix low testosterone?
Diet is a vital part but might not be enough on its own. Research shows that eating well supports hormone production, but no supplement has been proven to make a real difference in testosterone levels32. You'll see the best results when you combine better eating habits with regular exercise—especially weight training. Men who take this all-encompassing approach usually see improvements within 4-6 weeks32. In spite of that, some cases might need medical help depending on how severe they are.
Is soy really that bad for men?
The science tells a different story from what you might have heard about soy. A detailed review of 41 studies with over 1,750 men showed that soy protein and isoflavone intake don't affect testosterone levels, whatever the amount or how long you take it6. We learned that the common belief about soy making men less masculine or changing their hormones drastically just isn't true.
How much alcohol is too much?
Alcohol takes a direct toll on testosterone production. Heavy drinkers (more than 8 drinks weekly) are 4.37 times more likely to have low testosterone than non-drinkers7. The sort of thing I love about this research is how it shows alcohol damages the Leydig cells that make testosterone8. Your hormonal health will thank you if you keep your drinks under 8 per week7.
What are the best foods to support testosterone?
Fatty fish like salmon and mackerel boost testosterone with their omega-3s and vitamin D33. Leafy greens packed with magnesium help your testosterone levels too33. Onions, oysters with their zinc content, and extra virgin olive oil also make the list34. A balanced diet with healthy fats, proteins, and nutrient-rich vegetables ended up being your best bet for optimal testosterone production34.
Conclusion
Men over 60 need healthy testosterone levels as their natural hormone production slows down with age. Natural hormone decline speeds up after middle age, and food choices can make this decline even worse.
Men can make better daily choices by knowing which foods lower testosterone production. Trans fats, too much alcohol, sugary foods, and hormone-treated meats need careful thought. Plastic packaging and artificial preservatives also need attention because they quietly throw off hormone balance.
There's good news though. A few simple diet changes can boost healthy testosterone levels by a lot. You don't need major lifestyle changes - just switch to organic meats, use glass containers, pick whole foods over processed ones, and balance your omega fatty acids. These changes are the foundations for hormone health.
Most men notice improvements within weeks after changing their diet. While diet alone might not fix major testosterone deficiencies, it plays a vital role in hormone health, especially with regular exercise and good sleep.
Testosterone affects nearly every part of a man's health - from muscle mass and bone density to energy and brain function. Avoiding foods that kill testosterone isn't just about diet preferences. It's a key part of healthy aging for men in their sixties and beyond. Small changes to your eating habits today help maintain your vitality for years ahead.
Key Takeaways
Understanding which foods negatively impact testosterone becomes crucial for men over 60, as natural hormone levels decline by 1% annually after age 40, making dietary choices increasingly important for maintaining vitality and health.
• Avoid trans fats and excessive alcohol - Men consuming the highest trans fat amounts had 15% lower testosterone, while heavy drinking (8+ drinks weekly) increases testosterone deficiency risk by 4.37 times.
• Limit high-sugar foods and processed items - Consuming 75g of sugar causes a 25% testosterone drop lasting two hours, while processed foods contain preservatives that disrupt hormone balance.
• Choose organic, hormone-free meats - Conventionally raised animals may contain hormone residues that interfere with natural testosterone production, making organic options safer for hormonal health.
• Replace plastic containers with glass - Chemicals like BPA in plastic packaging mimic estrogen and lower testosterone, especially when heated or containing fatty foods.
• Balance omega fatty acids properly - Excessive omega-6 oils (common in processed foods) disrupt hormone production; aim for a 1:1 to 4:1 omega-6 to omega-3 ratio instead of the typical 20:1.
While diet alone may not completely resolve low testosterone, these strategic food swaps combined with regular exercise can significantly support healthy hormone levels within 4-6 weeks, helping men maintain energy, muscle mass, and overall vitality as they age.
FAQs
Q1. What are some common foods that can lower testosterone levels in men? Some foods that may negatively impact testosterone levels include soy products, mint, licorice root, vegetable oils high in omega-6, flaxseed, processed foods, alcohol, and certain nuts. However, the effects can vary between individuals and moderation is key.
Q2. How can men over 60 naturally boost their testosterone levels? Men over 60 can support healthy testosterone levels through regular exercise, particularly a combination of aerobic and resistance training. This not only helps with hormone production but also reduces the risk of common age-related diseases like heart disease and cancer.
Q3. Are there any natural substances that can block testosterone? Yes, some natural substances can act as testosterone blockers. For example, spearmint, often consumed as tea, has been traditionally used to reduce testosterone levels, particularly in cases of hirsutism in women. However, its effects may vary in men.
Q4. Which food is considered most beneficial for increasing testosterone? Protein-rich foods are crucial for testosterone production. Lean meats like beef and chicken, fish, eggs, and plant-based proteins such as tofu and nuts are excellent choices. Adequate protein intake is essential to prevent testosterone deficiency.
Q5. How quickly can dietary changes affect testosterone levels? While individual responses may vary, men who implement dietary modifications to support testosterone levels often experience improvements within 4-6 weeks. However, it's important to note that diet alone may not completely resolve significant testosterone deficiencies, and a holistic approach including exercise and proper sleep is recommended.
References
[1] - https://food.ec.europa.eu/food-safety/chemical-safety/hormones-meat_en
[2] - https://goldmanlaboratories.com/blogs/blog/foods-lower-testosterone?srsltid=AfmBOooeFz3h3kFlwpa70klI74Xi5BqtkxUG7TQf5hDDuCiH30OVvvVs
[3] - https://honehealth.com/edge/are-seed-oils-bad-for-you/?srsltid=AfmBOooqZJzU_eNPOeVXodH2IEVCdeekJOs-ixIcD8Rhr50JjgeQ8JrO
[4] - https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6761906/
[5] - https://goldmanlaboratories.com/blogs/blog/foods-lower-testosterone?srsltid=AfmBOoplW8gZ7U4iIvPhFiF2F0ZNy6jisUNSdC6nGJ0ToRCKjkBfJO-R
[6] - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33383165/
[7] - https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9708857/
[8] - https://www.healthline.com/health/how-alcohol-affects-testosterone
[9] - https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5312216/
[10] - https://goldmanlaboratories.com/blogs/blog/nutrition-and-testosterone?srsltid=AfmBOopK75mGrXycRLIHTaC5j-2b_4R33EL3KSkH565vYpGPXWpo1O6J
[11] - https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8260291/
[12] - https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10623424/
[13] - https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2752973/
[14] - https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/foods-that-lower-testosterone
[15] - https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3693613/
[16] - https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6015465/
[17] - https://www.womenshealthnetwork.com/hormonal-imbalance/hormonal-imbalance-caused-by-sugar/
[18] - https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3834504/
[19] - https://www.nature.com/articles/s41370-024-00727-1
[20] - https://www.healthline.com/health/testosterone-killing-foods
[21] - https://www.vinmec.com/eng/blog/8-foods-that-lower-testosterone-levels-en
[22] - https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4462476/
[23] - https://www.testicularcanceruk.com/post/hormone-free-meat-what-s-the-beef
[24] - https://eversfieldorganic.co.uk/collections/all-organic-grass-fed-beef?srsltid=AfmBOopT7xTDY7evgzuMNXqxg8KXqAULQNzubQARA3YkZ7aJuai1WsEt
[25] - https://www.avogel.co.uk/health/periods/how-plastic-can-harm-your-hormones/
[26] - https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/opinion/why-we-should-be-wary-about-plastic-food-containers
[27] - https://chemtrust.org/food-packaging/
[28] - https://www.rachael-robinson.co.uk/post/low-tox-kitchenware-guide-the-best-non-toxic-cookware-for-hormone-health
[29] - https://gamedaymenshealth.com/blog/testosterone-killing-foods/
[30] - https://goldmanlaboratories.com/blogs/blog/foods-that-lower-testosterone?srsltid=AfmBOornjEAFxyNbU8PjzvAPFZbrWQPYXS86XjGT-O2z9SdLwRh7utYj
[31] - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/fsn3.71062
[32] - https://healthcare.utah.edu/the-scope/health-library/all/2025/07/lifestyle-changes-can-increase-testosterone-levels-older-men
[33] - https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/natural-foods-for-testosterone-booster
[34] - https://www.health.harvard.edu/mens-health/lifestyle-strategies-to-help-prevent-natural-age-related-decline-in-testosterone
[35] - https://goldmanlaboratories.com/blogs/blog/foods-that-lower-testosterone?srsltid=AfmBOop1C1oDaXDQrscc378-pI67857mxEt4vd6mP5fqFv5I5zCpJv6g
[36] - https://www.hollandandbarrett.com/the-health-hub/food-drink/food/10-foods-to-increase-testosterone/
[37] - https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/24101-testosterone
[38] - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526128/
[39] - https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/sexual-health/in-depth/testosterone-therapy/art-20045728
[40] - https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/testosterone--what-it-does-and-doesnt-do
[41] - https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2544367/
[42] - https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4816459/
[43] - https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/mens-health/in-depth/male-menopause/art-20048056
[44] - https://www.urologyhealth.org/urology-a-z/l/low-testosterone
[45] - https://www.numan.com/low-testosterone/increase/testosterone-diet
[46] - https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8538516/
[47] - https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2634963/
[48] - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38743096/
[49] - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890623820302926
[50] - https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/phytoestrogens-and-men