NAD levels drop naturally as we age, and many people ask if NAD supplements can safely address their age-related health concerns. This vital coenzyme powers over 500 enzymatic reactions in our bodies. The levels can fall anywhere from 10% to 80% as we get older, which leads to various chronic conditions like metabolic disorders and neurodegenerative diseases.
Wellness influencers and celebrities praise NAD supplements as a "fountain of youth," but the science behind them tells a more nuanced story. Recent clinical trials show promise - a small 2021 study found that 250 mg of NAD daily helped improve insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal people with prediabetes. The benefits might also extend to heart health, muscle function, and brain performance. The FDA considers nicotinamide riboside (a common NAD precursor) "Generally Recognized as Safe," but some people report side effects like nausea, fatigue, and headaches.
This piece gets into what research really shows about NAD benefits and side effects in 2025. You'll learn if these supplements are safe for daily use based on scientific evidence rather than marketing hype.
How NAD Supplements Work in the Body
NAD+ supplements can't enter your cells as whole molecules. They break down into precursors that cross cell membranes and rebuild into NAD+ inside the cell. Nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) are the most popular precursors. Each follows its own path with unique challenges.
Conversion pathways of NR and NMN
Your body processes NAD+ precursors differently before they become working NAD+ in your cells. The path changes based on which precursor you take.
Nicotinamide riboside (NR) takes a simple path. It enters cells through special doorways called equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) [1]. Inside, enzymes called nicotinamide riboside kinases (NRK1/2) turn NR into nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) [1]. Then, enzymes called nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferases (NMNATs) change NMN into NAD+ [1].
Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) follows a more complex path that scientists still debate. NMN's larger size (it has an extra phosphate group compared to NR) made scientists think it couldn't cross cell membranes directly [1]. New research shows NMN might take multiple routes:
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Scientists found that NMN changes to NR outside cells. An enzyme called CD73 (a 5'-nucleotidase) makes this happen before cells absorb it [2]. Once inside, NRK1 turns it back into NMN, which then becomes NAD+ [2].
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Direct entry through SLC12A8: Research from 2019 found a special NMN transporter called SLC12A8. This transporter works mostly in the small intestine [2]. Humans might have this same transporter, especially in their small intestine, stomach, testis, thyroid, and colon [1].
Both paths meet at the final step where NMNAT enzymes turn NMN into NAD+. This means NMN needs one less step than NR to become NAD+ inside cells [1].
Your body can make NAD+ through other ways too. The "salvage pathway" reuses nicotinamide (NAM) from used-up NAD+, while the Preiss-Handler pathway uses nicotinic acid (NA) [3]. Most cells rely on the salvage pathway to make their NAD+ [4].
Bioavailability and absorption challenges
NAD+ supplements face several hurdles before they can work in your cells.
Your intestines break down NAD+ right away. Studies with tagged compounds in rat intestines showed this clearly [5]. The broken-down pieces must come back together after absorption.
Your gut bacteria play a big role in processing NAD+ precursors. They turn oral NR and nicotinamide (NAM) into nicotinic acid (NA) [5]. This creates two absorption waves:
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First wave (within 1 hour): Your small intestine absorbs NR and NAM directly
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Second wave (around 3 hours): Bacteria help create more NAD+ by turning precursors into NA [5]
Different body parts prefer different NAD+ precursors:
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Your liver and kidneys use tryptophan [3]
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Muscles work better with NR [3]
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Your spleen and small intestine take up lots of NAM (70 μM), while fat and muscle tissue take much less (2-9 μM) [3]
Getting through the blood-brain barrier is tricky. Scientists aren't sure if NMN crosses easily, but injected NMN raises NAD+ levels in brain areas like the hippocampus and hypothalamus within 15 minutes [1].
Each precursor acts differently in your body. NMN shows up in blood quickly, peaking around 10 minutes after taking it [1]. NR can boost blood NAD+ up to 2.7-fold with one dose [5]. A newer study shows NAD+ levels rise by about 22%, 51%, and 142% with 100, 300, and 1000 mg NR doses in two weeks [1].
Storage matters too. NR stays good for six hours at room temperature and seven days in the fridge (2-8°C) [1]. David Sinclair warns, "Keep your NR and NMN cold. Shelf-stored supplements without stabilization will turn into nicotinamide, which you shouldn't take in high doses..." [1].
Despite these challenges, both NMN and NR boost NAD+ levels in human trials [4]. We'll explore what this means in the next sections.
What the Latest Research Says About NAD Benefits
Scientists have made big strides in NAD+ supplement research over the last several years. Their work has expanded from lab studies to human clinical trials. The research now aims to see if early promising results can improve human health.
Evidence from human clinical trials
NAD+ restoration trials have revealed some interesting findings, though with key limitations. Studies point to better cardiovascular function, with lower systolic blood pressure and less aortic stiffness [6]. The research also showed that older males had fewer inflammatory cytokines after just three weeks of NAD+ supplements [6].
A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial revealed that one NAD+ supplement raised whole blood NAD+ levels by 26.5% after four weeks [5]. This study also showed reduced inflammation markers, specifically less interleukin 2 (IL2) [5].
A small 2021 study about metabolic health showed that nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplements helped prediabetic women's muscle insulin sensitivity [7]. In spite of that, study results haven't been consistent. Another trial with 40 obese, insulin-resistant men taking 2000 mg/day of nicotinamide riboside (NR) for 12 weeks showed no improvement in insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, or body composition [6].
The research suggests that age might affect how people respond to NAD+ precursors. One study showed that NR supplements helped older people more by improving isometric peak torque and reducing fatigue. Young participants barely showed any changes [6].
NR supplements reduced blood pressure and arterial stiffness in a cardiovascular trial. People with higher-than-normal baseline values saw better results [6]. Heart failure patients who took NAD+ supplements showed better mitochondrial function and fewer proinflammatory factors [6].
Animal studies and their limitations
Animal studies paint an impressive picture of NAD+ benefits. Mice showed major cardiovascular improvements when their NAD+ returned to youthful levels [6]. These studies reversed multiple metabolic conditions [6]. The results showed better muscle function, endurance, and mitochondrial ATP production [6].
The liver, heart, and kidneys showed more protection and better healing after injury [6]. NAD+ restoration helped vision by reversing retinal degeneration [6]. It also gave significant neurological benefits in Alzheimer's disease animal models [6].
The sort of thing I love is how NAD+ levels improved oocyte quality and restored fertility in aged mice [6]. This suggests broad rejuvenating effects.
Animal studies have big limitations in predicting human results. Animal dosages are nowhere near practical for humans based on body weight. Different species have different metabolic pathways and absorption mechanisms [8]. The US Food and Drug Administration reports that more than 90% of promising compounds that work in animal testing ended up failing in human trials [8].
Conditions that may benefit from NAD
Current research points to several conditions where NAD+ therapy might help:
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Neurodegenerative disorders: Early-phase clinical trials show promising results for NAD+ increase in several neurodegenerative diseases [9]. Parkinson's disease patients who took high-dose NR (1500 mg twice daily) had better NAD+ levels and improved symptoms [10].
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Cardiovascular conditions: NAD+ precursors might reduce aortic stiffness in elderly people. This happens through increased SIRT1 activation and less vascular oxidative stress [11]. Heart failure patients showed better mitochondrial function with NAD+ supplements [6].
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Metabolic disorders: NAD+ might help with obesity and metabolic syndrome [10]. One trial showed that 250 mg of NAD+ daily helped insulin sensitivity in prediabetic people [10].
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Premature aging disorders: Scientists found that cells from people with Werner syndrome (a rare premature aging disorder) have low NAD+ in their mitochondria. These cells showed less aging and better mitochondrial activity when researchers added nicotinamide riboside [12].
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Skin conditions: NAD's DNA repair abilities might help UV-damaged skin and prevent early aging. People with psoriasis saw benefits from topical NAD+ as it slowed excessive skin cell growth [10].
Note that nicotinamide riboside (NR) stands out because it works when taken orally in both mice and humans [7]. This makes it a practical way to increase NAD+ levels.
Is NAD Supplement Safe to Take?
"These supplements are generally considered safe, says Hokeness, and can be taken in pill form or through an IV drip. Common side effects may include headaches, dizziness, and nervousness." — Dr. Kirsten Hokeness, Bryant University expert on NAD+ supplements
NAD supplements have become accessible to more people, and many ask a vital question: is NAD safe to take? The safety profile of these supplements shows promising short-term data but has knowledge gaps we need to think about carefully.
Short-term safety findings
Clinical trials that looked at NAD precursors show positive short-term safety results. Nicotinamide riboside (NR) has received "Generally Recognized as Safe status" from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Health Canada, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), and Australia's Therapeutic Goods Administration have also approved it [13]. This regulatory backing gives some confidence to people who want to try NAD supplements.
Several human studies confirm that people tolerate short-term use of NAD precursors well. A trial with 12 subjects who took a single 1000 mg NR dose showed NAD+ levels jumped 2.7 times higher without serious side effects [13]. Another study of 140 healthy volunteers who took 250–1000 mg NR daily for 9 days saw their NAD+ levels double, with no safety concerns [13].
The safety data for nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) looks positive but needs more research. A clinical trial gave 10 volunteers single oral doses of 100–500 mg NMN and found no significant problems [13]. People have safely taken up to 1200 mg daily for 6 weeks and 900 mg daily for 8 weeks [14]. Some have even taken 2000 mg daily for 14 days without issues [14].
Studies consistently show mild and rare side effects from NAD supplementation. The most common problems include:
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Digestive discomfort (diarrhea, nausea, abdominal discomfort)
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Skin reactions (rashes, flushing, erythema pruritis)
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Muscle-related (calf cramps)
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Other mild symptoms (headache, fatigue) [13]
People have safely taken NR supplements at doses up to 2000 mg daily for 20 weeks [5]. Research teams found "no severe side effects, which suggests these treatments are likely safe for humans" [15].
NR has gone through 12 published clinical studies that prove its safety at doses up to 2000 mg/day for 12 weeks, without causing flushing [16]. These mild side effects haven't shown serious health risks, which suggests most people can safely take NAD supplements in the short term [17].
Long-term safety: what we still don't know
The biggest challenge in understanding NAD supplement side effects comes from not having long-term human safety trials. One research paper states clearly that "Currently there are no long-term human safety trials evaluating the safety of NAD+ boosters NR and NMN" [13]. Our current safety data comes mostly from small human clinical trials that didn't run very long.
The evidence suggests NAD supplements are safe short-term, but we don't know much about long-term effects of higher NAD+ levels. Scientists have raised several concerns:
We still need to figure out the safe dose, therapeutic dose, therapeutic window, and how long to take NAD+ precursors, especially newer ones like NMN and NR [13]. Animal studies have raised some red flags. Mice fed high doses of dietary NR developed glucose intolerance and white adipose tissue problems when eating a slightly fattening diet [13]. NMN and NAM supplements caused similar glucose tolerance issues in mice [13].
Scientists worry that higher NAD+ levels might worsen chronic inflammation by making senescent cells release more pro-inflammatory cytokines, though human trials haven't shown this yet [14]. High doses of nicotinamide might also deplete methyl groups over time since it triggers nicotinamide-N-methyltransferase to methylate nicotinamide [15].
We need bigger and longer studies to see if the benefits from short-term trials stay safe over time [17]. One research team noted that "NAD supplements are generally safe for most individuals, but you still need to be careful" [18].
So, can you safely take NAD daily? Current evidence shows NAD supplements are safe short-term at recommended doses. However, if you're thinking about long-term use, remember that research continues to evolve. Talk to your healthcare provider before starting supplements, especially if you have health conditions.
Potential Side Effects and Risks
NAD supplements offer promising benefits, but you need to learn about their downsides before starting supplementation. Most people handle NAD precursors well, but several side effects and potential risks deserve your attention.
Common side effects like nausea or flushing
Side effects linked to NAD supplementation are usually mild and don't last long. Niacin (vitamin B3), one of the first NAD+ precursors used, often causes skin redness or flushing. While this isn't harmful, many users don't like this side effect [19].
Newer NAD precursors like nicotinamide riboside (NR) have fewer side effects but still might cause:
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Skin problems including itching and sweating [2]
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Tiredness and mental fog [20]
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Flushing and warmth, especially with IV treatment [21]
NR seems safe at doses up to 300 mg daily [2]. Beyond these direct effects, NAD supplements can interact with other medications. To name just one example, they might lower blood pressure and cause problems when taken with blood pressure medications [2].
Concerns about inflammation and cancer risk
The biggest theoretical worry about NAD supplementation lies in its possible connection to cancer. Cancer cells need lots of energy and fix DNA efficiently. This raises questions about whether higher NAD+ levels might help cancer cells grow [22].
Scientists haven't reached a clear consensus yet. Cancer cells seem to thrive on NAD+, and many die when drugs block NAD-producing enzymes [1]. Some NAD-producing enzymes appear at higher levels in various cancer types [1]. But a newer study, published in 2014, found that NAD+ supplementation actually protected mice from liver cancer [1].
MIT's Koch Institute researcher Matthew Vander Heiden points out this uncertainty. He suggests that "given that many people are taking these supplements for health benefits, a study of what these do to cancer risk or existing cancer biology is warranted" [1].
The inflammation link adds more complexity. Long-term inflammation helps tumors grow, makes treatment less effective, and weakens immune function [22]. Some researchers worry that higher NAD+ levels might worsen chronic inflammation by increasing pro-inflammatory cytokines, though human trials haven't shown this effect.
Impact on circadian rhythm and methylation
Scientists have found another potential issue: NAD supplements might affect methylation reactions because they increase nicotinamide (NAM) production and breakdown [23].
Methylation affects everything from DNA expression to neurotransmitter production. NAD precursors might use up the body's methyl groups and affect vital processes that need these groups, including DNA methylation [23].
The NADPARK clinical trial looked into this concern by comparing NR (1,000 mg daily) with placebo in 30 Parkinson's disease patients. Results showed no changes in SAM, SAH, homocysteine, or adenosine levels, which suggests minimal SAM use [23]. The study found no effects on DNA methylation levels or distribution, showing that "at least short-term treatment with clinically approved doses of NR has no significant impact on methylation homeostasis in adult humans" [23].
High doses of certain NAD precursors can increase methyl group use and hydrogen peroxide levels. This methyl depletion might increase reactive oxygen species and insulin resistance [24].
Each person responds differently to NAD supplements based on their genes, health conditions, and medications. You should talk to your healthcare provider before starting NAD supplements.
Who Should and Shouldn’t Take NAD Supplements
Taking NAD supplements requires careful evaluation of your health factors against possible benefits and risks. These supplements don't benefit everyone equally. Some groups should be extra careful before they start taking them.
Populations that may benefit most
Older adults experiencing age-related decline make the strongest candidates for NAD supplementation. NAD+ levels naturally drop by about 50% between ages 40 and 60. People in or approaching this age range might see better results from boosting their NAD+ levels.
Some health conditions could show clear benefits from supplementation. People with mitochondrial dysfunction disorders might benefit from NAD+'s support of cellular energy production. Clinical trials have shown promising early results for people with neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
NAD supplementation shows potential in metabolic health too. People dealing with insulin resistance, prediabetes, or metabolic syndrome might benefit from NAD's effects on glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Research found that 250 mg of NAD+ daily helped improve insulin sensitivity in prediabetic patients.
People with chronic fatigue or reduced physical performance might want to think over NAD supplements. NAD plays a central role in energy metabolism, so supplements could help with fatigue-related issues. More research would help confirm these benefits conclusively.
Your body's efficiency in producing or maintaining NAD+ levels can depend on genetic variations. People with specific genetic profiles affecting NAD+ metabolism might see greater benefits than others from taking supplements.
Groups that should avoid or consult a doctor
Cancer patients or those with a cancer history should be extremely careful with NAD supplementation. Cancer cells have high metabolic demands and efficient DNA repair mechanisms that might benefit from more NAD+. Cancer patients should talk to their oncologists before starting any NAD supplement until research provides clearer answers.
Pregnant or nursing mothers should stay away from NAD supplements. Nobody has studied these supplements' safety during pregnancy and lactation, so risks to fetal development or infant health remain unknown.
Some medications require a doctor's consultation before starting NAD supplements. Blood pressure medications, blood thinners, and diabetes medications might interact with NAD since it can affect blood glucose levels.
People with liver or kidney disease need special attention before taking NAD supplements. These organs play vital roles in breaking down supplements. Poor organ function could lead to buildup of breakdown products or unexpected side effects.
Healthy people under 30 might not see much benefit from NAD supplementation. Their naturally higher NAD+ levels mean the potential benefits probably don't justify the cost or possible risks.
A healthcare provider should review your case before you start any NAD supplementation. This becomes absolutely necessary if you have pre-existing health conditions, take medications, or worry about supplement interactions.
How to Take NAD Safely and Effectively
NAD supplements need proper dosage, timing, and form to tap into their full potential while keeping side effects at bay. Recent research gives us solid guidelines to help you supplement safely.
Recommended dosages from studies
Research has shown us the right amounts of NAD precursors to take. Nicotinamide riboside (NR) works best at 250-1000 mg per day [5]. Many clinical trials have proven that 500 mg twice daily is safe for 3-12 weeks [5]. The biggest long-term study lasted 5 months, where people started at 250 mg and worked their way up to 1000 mg daily [5].
Scientists have tested nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) at doses between 250-1200 mg per day [25]. Your aerobic capacity might see better results with higher doses (600-1200 mg) [25]. Nicotinamide (NAM) works well even at lower doses - 500 mg can boost your blood NAD+ levels by a lot [26].
Safety limits exist for these supplements. The UK Expert Working Group suggests 500 mg of nicotinamide daily for a 60 kg adult. The EU Scientific Committee sets the safe upper limit at 900 mg per day [13]. NR has its own limit - 3 mg/kg/day (about 180 mg daily for a 60 kg adult) based on animal studies [13].
Timing and frequency of supplementation
The right timing makes NAD supplements work better. Most people take them in the morning since NAD boosts energy metabolism and helps you stay active during the day [4]. This matches your body's natural energy patterns [4].
Some people prefer taking NAD at noon to beat the afternoon slump and stay productive [4]. NAD also helps with cell repair, which happens most during rest - that's why some take it at night [4].
Athletes might want to time their NAD around workouts. Taking it before exercise could give you more energy, while post-workout doses might speed up recovery [4].
Regular daily doses work better than random ones to keep NAD levels steady [27]. Research hints that splitting bigger doses throughout the day beats taking everything at once - like breaking up 1000 mg into four smaller doses [10].
Forms: oral, IV, nasal, and injections
NAD comes in several forms, each with its own benefits:
Oral supplements lead the pack as the most studied option. These pills, tablets, and powders fit easily into your daily routine [3]. Scientists prefer these for research because they reliably raise NAD+ levels [25]. A 2019 study showed impressive results - NAD+ levels jumped by 22%, 51%, and 142% after two weeks of taking 100 mg, 300 mg, and 1000 mg doses [3].
IV therapy puts NAD+ straight into your bloodstream, skipping digestion completely. You get 100% absorption, unlike oral supplements that must go through your digestive system [28]. Sessions usually use 250-1000 mg and take 1-3 hours [3]. The effects kick in fast but don't last long - NAD+ leaves your blood within about two hours [3].
Nasal sprays offer a newer way to take NAD, using your nose's rich blood supply for quick absorption [29]. These sprays bypass digestion while being easier than IVs [29]. Just remember that stuffy noses might affect how well they work [29].
Injections strike a balance between pills and IVs. These shots into muscle or under skin typically contain 50-200 mg [27]. They're more invasive than pills but give you better absorption and precise doses [3].
Quality should be your top priority when choosing NAD supplements. Look for brands that get tested by independent organizations like NSF International or U.S. Pharmacopeia [10]. These certifications help you find pure, potent products in a market where quality varies widely.
The Future of NAD Research and
NAD research has reached an exciting frontier. Dozens of human clinical trials are testing different aspects of NAD biology and supplementation [30]. These studies will help us understand the long-term safety and effectiveness that current research hasn't fully covered.
Scientists are working on several key research areas that will shape our knowledge of NAD supplementation. Research teams have started to study why some people resist NAD therapy. They look at metabolic pathways, cellular signaling, and genetic factors that affect treatment results [31]. This knowledge could lead to customized treatments based on each person's unique factors.
We need bigger clinical trials with both healthy middle-aged adults and people with specific conditions to assess the real benefits [5]. The current studies have limitations. Small sample sizes and short durations have led to mixed results, especially about NR's effects on insulin sensitivity, energy use, and exercise ability [5].
Scientists are moving beyond current uses into new areas. NAD restoration shows promise in treating digestive system disorders, though most studies focus on liver and intestinal effects [31]. The research also covers NAD's role in skin aging. Evidence suggests NAD-restoring treatments might help improve looks and recovery after cosmetic procedures [6].
Scientists found that aging cells have mitochondrial problems and lower NAD levels [32]. The first clinical trials using NAD supplements gave promising results for age-related disorders [32].
The way we look at aging has changed dramatically. Anti-aging treatments used to focus on fixing aging's effects. Now, evidence shows we can target aging at its cellular level [6]. NAD restoration could affect multiple aspects of cellular aging at once [6].
As research moves forward, we'll better understand NAD supplements' safety profile. This will help people decide if these supplements are safe for long-term use and which forms give the best balance of benefits and potential side effects.
FAQs
Q1. Is NAD supplementation safe for long-term use? While short-term studies show NAD supplements are generally well-tolerated, long-term safety data is limited. Most side effects reported are mild, but larger and longer studies are needed to determine long-term safety. Consult a healthcare provider before starting long-term supplementation.
Q2. What are the potential benefits of taking NAD supplements? NAD supplements may support healthy aging, improve cardiovascular function, enhance metabolic health, and boost energy levels. Some studies suggest benefits for neurodegenerative conditions and skin health. However, more research is needed to fully understand the extent of these benefits.
Q3. Who should consider taking NAD supplements? Older adults experiencing age-related decline, individuals with mitochondrial dysfunction, and those with specific metabolic or neurodegenerative conditions may benefit most from NAD supplementation. However, it's essential to consult a healthcare provider before starting any supplement regimen.
Q4. What are the recommended dosages for NAD supplements? Clinical studies have used doses ranging from 250-1000 mg daily for nicotinamide riboside (NR) and 250-1200 mg daily for nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN). However, optimal dosages may vary based on individual factors and specific health goals. It's best to start with lower doses and consult a healthcare professional.
Q5. Are there any potential side effects of NAD supplementation? Common side effects may include mild gastrointestinal discomfort, headaches, and skin-related issues like flushing or itching. While rare, more serious concerns include potential interactions with certain medications and theoretical risks related to cancer cell metabolism. Always discuss potential risks with a healthcare provider.
References
[1] - https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/cancer-research-points-to-key-unknowns-about-popular-antiaging-supplements/
[2] - https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1560/nicotinamide-riboside
[3] - https://www.jinfiniti.com/nad-supplements-vs-iv-therapy-which-is-best/?srsltid=AfmBOoq_061v3A--4t1sNoVI87C1OJ8R2pv7HdUvkbIvvDICuTm1mu9M
[4] - https://www.myrevived.com/when-to-take-nad-best-time-to-take-nad/
[5] - https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10692436/
[6] - https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9512238/
[7] - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006291X24001256
[8] - https://www.humaneworld.org/en/news/limitations-animal-tests
[9] - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1043276025000700
[10] - https://www.health.com/nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-nad-8657809
[11] - https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056589
[12] - https://www.aging-us.com/news-room/boosting-nad-plus-levels-slows-aging-in-cells-from-werner-syndrome-patients
[13] - https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9495723/
[14] - https://examine.com/supplements/nicotinamide-mononucleotide/?srsltid=AfmBOooXrH4uSaueuwPxIT55cgXqSFbOfyjsjSeeFGdj4YjekUtWlUZn
[15] - https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7558103/
[16] - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2475299123118452
[17] - https://biostacklabs.com/a/market/is-nad-legit?srsltid=AfmBOoplEWvwokLASHTnwqYtzRO5oSL3Fi2miD0djP9v4d3DCPvogtyk
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[19] - https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10893221/
[20] - https://conciergemdla.com/blog/side-effects-of-nad-therapy/
[21] - https://www.azivmedics.com/side-effects-of-nad-therapy
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[23] - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589004223003553
[24] - https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8711221/
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[26] - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468501121000055
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[28] - https://driphydration.com/blog/everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-nad-supplements-vs-iv-infusions/?srsltid=AfmBOorgXCHl5noxja2WQ8OdrF8uFVuS_aZxbvwztGgiCEao0vloDp-V
[29] - https://getheally.com/patients/news/nad-nasal-spray-vs-injection-what-to-choose
[30] - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2161831323013595
[31] - https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12967-024-05614-9
[32] - https://medicalxpress.com/news/2024-12-newly-mechanism-reveals-nad-role.html
